Archive Museums
2020년, 저는 경기 아카이브 사진회의 일원으로 시작한 여정을 마무리하며 지난 2년간 한국 전역의 백여 곳이 넘는 '박물관' 건물 외관을 기록했습니다. 2018년 여주와 이천을 시작으로 대한민국 팔도 전체로 영역을 넓혔던 이 작업은, 제가 기록한 대부분의 건물이 우리가 흔히 생각하는 전형적인 박물관의 모습과는 거리가 멀다는 흥미로운 사실을 확인시켜 주었습니다.
본래 박물관은 '유적, 유물, 예술품 등 학술 자료를 수집, 보존, 전시하며 학술 연구와 사회 교육에 기여하는 기관'이라는 사전적 정의를 갖습니다. 하지만 제가 마주한 공간들 중 상당수는 이러한 범주를 벗어나 수익 창출을 목적으로 운영되고 있었습니다. 이들은 때로는 전시장, 체험관, 문학관, 공원, 심지어 연구소라는 이름으로 불리기도 합니다. 건물 외벽에는 노골적인 광고 간판을 달거나, 오락적 호기심을 자극하는 건축 구조물을 포함하기도 했습니다.
이 작은 박물관들은 감귤, 가위, 탈, 부엌 같은 일상적인 소재부터 시간, 평화, 신화, 현대사, 고전 문화 콘텐츠, 성과 같은 현대인의 관심사를 노골적으로 표현하며 그 주제를 외부 요소로 표출하고 있었습니다. 이는 단순히 유물을 보존하는 장소를 넘어, 그 시대의 대중문화와 관심사를 반영하는 독특한 현상이었습니다.
이러한 아카이빙 작업을 진행하며, 저는 박물관(Museum)'의 어원인 '마우세이온(Mouseion)'**을 떠올렸습니다. 이 고대 그리스어는 기원전 3세기 이집트의 극장, 음악, 전시를 아우르는 종합 문화 복합체를 의미했습니다. 제가 기록한 박물관들의 기능과 모습은 오늘날의 엄격한 박물관 개념보다는, 오히려 이 고대 마우세이온의 정신에 더 가까워 보였습니다.
하지만 이 작은 사립 박물관들의 특성상, 좁은 골목길이나 특정한 입지 조건 때문에 건물의 정면 전체를 한 번에 담아내는 것은 불가능한 경우가 많았습니다. 때로는 사다리를 이용해 위에서 수십 장을 촬영한 후, 포토샵에서 이미지를 조절하고 결합해야 비로소 하나의 최종 이미지를 완성할 수 있었습니다. 이 과정에서 협소한 공간 때문에 정면 뷰가 나오지 않거나, 재정 악화로 개조되거나 훼손되고 심지어는 폐관된 박물관들의 현실을 목격할 수 있었습니다.
흥미롭게도 독특한 시대적 취향을 반영하는 이 작은 박물관들은 보존되기가 어렵고 사회·문화적 공공 아카이브로 남는 경우가 드뭅니다. 제가 사진 아카이빙을 시작한 정확한 이유가 바로 여기에 있습니다. 이 작업은 전국 구석구석을 누벼야 했기에 엄청난 시간과 체력을 요하는 고단한 여정이었습니다. 남편의 헌신적인 지지가 없었다면 이 작업을 완성할 수 없었을 것입니다.
이전 작업인 '시크릿 가든(Secret Garden)'에서 개인적인 가치와 예술적 표현에 집중했다면, 이번 **'박물관의 자연사(Historia Naturalis on Museums)'**는 박물관이라는 공간의 사회문화적 의미를 포착하고 재구성하려는 시도였습니다. 새로운 장르에 도전하며 큰 어려움을 겪었지만, 이 시대의 숨겨진 문화 복합체, 즉 '마우세이온'의 현대적 단면을 기록했다는 점에서 큰 의미를 찾습니다. 이러한 아카이빙 작업을 진행하며, 저는 **'박물관(Museum)'의 어원인 '마우세이온(Mouseion)'**을 떠올렸습니다. 이 고대 그리스어는 기원전 3세기 이집트의 극장, 음악, 전시를 아우르는 종합 문화 복합체를 의미했습니다. 제가 기록한 박물관들의 기능과 모습은 오늘날의 엄격한 박물관 개념보다는, 오히려 이 고대 마우세이온의 정신에 더 가까워 보였습니다.
하지만 이 작은 사립 박물관들의 특성상, 좁은 골목길이나 특정한 입지 조건 때문에 건물의 정면 전체를 한 번에 담아내는 것은 불가능한 경우가 많았습니다. 때로는 사다리를 이용해 위에서 수십 장을 촬영한 후, 포토샵에서 이미지를 조절하고 결합해야 비로소 하나의 최종 이미지를 완성할 수 있었습니다. 이 과정에서 협소한 공간 때문에 정면 뷰가 나오지 않거나, 재정 악화로 개조되거나 훼손되고 심지어는 폐관된 박물관들의 현실을 목격할 수 있었습니다.
흥미롭게도 독특한 시대적 취향을 반영하는 이 작은 박물관들은 보존되기가 어렵고 사회·문화적 공공 아카이브로 남는 경우가 드뭅니다. 제가 사진 아카이빙을 시작한 정확한 이유가 바로 여기에 있습니다. 이 작업은 전국 구석구석을 누벼야 했기에 엄청난 시간과 체력을 요하는 고단한 여정이었습니다. 남편의 헌신적인 지지가 없었다면 이 작업을 완성할 수 없었을 것입니다.
이전 작업인 '시크릿 가든(Secret Garden)'에서 개인적인 가치와 예술적 표현에 집중했다면, 이번 **'박물관의 자연사(Historia Naturalis on Museums)'**는 박물관이라는 공간의 사회문화적 의미를 포착하고 재구성하려는 시도였습니다. 새로운 장르에 도전하며 큰 어려움을 겪었지만, 이 시대의 숨겨진 문화 복합체, 즉 '마우세이온'의 현대적 단면을 기록했다는 점에서 큰 의미를 찾습니다.
Artist Statement
Completing a journey that began as a member of the Gyeonggi Archive Photography Society, I spent the last two years traveling across South Korea, capturing the exteriors of more than a hundred buildings referred to as 'museums.' Starting in Yeoju and Icheon in 2018 and later expanding to cover all eight provinces, this project revealed a compelling truth: most of the structures I documented do not resemble the typical museum we envision.
The standard dictionary defines a museum as "an institution that collects, preserves, and displays archaeological materials, historical relics, artworks, or other academic content... for the purpose of contributing to academic research and educating society." However, a significant number of the spaces I encountered ventured outside of this traditional category, often operating with a primary profit-seeking motive.
These establishments are sometimes introduced as exhibition centers, experience centers, literary centers, parks, or even research institutes. Their exteriors might feature overt advertising signs or architectural elements designed to provoke entertainment-oriented curiosity. Their themes are explicitly expressed through external iconography, ranging from common objects (e.g., citrus fruits, scissors, a mask, or a kitchen) to contemporary interests like time, peace, mythology, modern history, classic cultural content, and sex. They function as unique cultural barometers, reflecting the popular culture and trending interests of the current era.
Throughout this archiving process, I was frequently reminded of the word 'mouseion,' the root of 'museum.' This ancient Greek term referred to a cultural complex in 3rd century B.C. Egypt that encompassed theater, music, and exhibitions. The functions and features of the museums I documented seemed closer to this historical, all-encompassing cultural spirit than to the strict definition of a modern museum.
Due to the particular locations and physical restraints (such as narrow alleyways) found in many of these smaller, private museums, fully capturing the buildings in a single, frontal shot was often impossible. I frequently had to climb a ladder to take several dozen shots from above, later adjusting and stitching the images together in Photoshop to produce a final, coherent cut. This process offered a stark view of their reality: some lacked a proper frontal view due to confined spaces, while others showed signs of being renovated, damaged, or even closed due to financial hardship.
These unique, small museums, while reflecting popular contemporary tastes, are difficult to preserve and rarely endure as social, cultural public archives. This is precisely why I undertook this photographic archiving project. It was a physically taxing and highly time-consuming job that sent me to endless corners across the country, and one I could not have completed without the unwavering support of my husband.
While my previous work, Secret Garden, focused on personal value and artistic expression, 'Historia Naturalis on Museums' was intended to capture and recreate the sociocultural significance of these spaces. This shift marked a significant challenge and a step into a new genre, allowing me to record the modern, often ephemeral, manifestation of the 'mouseion' spirit in South Korea.
Dinosaur, Palace, Jewel, Pig, Park, and Butterfly Museum
The Historia Naturalis on Museums
Written by: Yeon-ha Choi (Independent Curator, Photography Critic)
In the Korean language, bak-mul-gwan is the word used to refer to the English word museum. The root of this very familiar word can be traced back all the way to a small village called Livadia, near the famous ancient city of Delphi. In this village were the two springs of Lethe and Mnemosyne, representing oblivion and remembrance. Forgetfulness and memory were one and the same to start with, and to Mnemosyne, the goddess of memory, and Zeus, the god of Heaven, were born nine daughters, referred to as the Mousai or Muses. The house in which they lived was a mousaion, from which the word museum was derived. Museum – the sacred shrine of the Muses, the goddesses of art – and bak-mul-gwan – the place for all sorts of rare artifacts – do seem rather aloof to be placed in the same semantic field but, ultimately, they are not too far off from each other in that they are places where we can see traces of those who came before us. It is in a museum or bak-mul-gwan (or gallery) where oblivion is awakened and memory is clarified, enriching the lives we live today. Despite the etymology, the modern museum is closer to a shopping mall, resembling a shrine to capitalism. Exhibitions are increasingly turning into spectacles for us to gawk at, having become part of a cultural industry that encourages spending. The art gallery is now more in tune with such spectacles than the art itself. Cities around the world are competitively building galleries, hosting international art events, and conspiring with the market economy. We witness how they actively turn themselves into department stores. The entrance and exit of such exhibitions are connected to museum shops, cafés, or restaurants, and exhibited collections (real) are mass-produced into art products (replicas) for consumption. Collections are both visually and physically consumed, lowering the bar and bursting open the doors to all those willing to pay for entry. The irony is that the museum – the sacred shrine of the Muses – has merged with the boisterous display of all worldly things, giving birth to the modern art gallery. No matter how hard the art gallery argues that it is open to all and accepts all equally, the experiences therein are contradictory. Inside, there is a glass wall that remains invisible to the general public.
The Shrine of Memory – the Museum To the contrary, the museums collected (photographed) by Jeong-ae Han are small, cozy, and adorable, inviting all who are willing to enter and greet what is on display. Just as a collector collects items, Han photographed buildings advertised with a ‘museum’ sign all across South Korea. Insisting on frontal shots, she took several dozen photographs from the front in order to make sure that the façade was clearly captured, adjusting them horizontally and vertically to produce a final cut. As a member of the Gyeonggi Archive Photography Society, the photographer has archived the cities of Gyeonggi-do Province. One of her notable works is Project: Dream of Hwaseong, a chronicle of Dongtan’s transformation into becoming a new city, which began in 2012 and continues to date, serving as a foundation for the artist’s work. As an artifact is put on display at a museum, a photographer-archivist is fundamentally committed to the integrity of metadata. The time and location of shooting and the camera data are what underlines the value of a photograph as a record and the channel through which the power of photography as record is shared. In this age of digital oblivion, the value of photographic records is felt even more desperately on the part of the photographer. To her mind, puttingindividuals, neighbors, and local communities on record has become more momentous than anything else, with traces of the past fading as swiftly as they are in modern Korea. She must have started by recording the recent past and what is left of nearby neighborhoods, finally arriving at the shrine of memory, or the museum. The speed at which records die out is catching up with the pace at which records are kept and preserved. The more the accuracy of a record improves, the faster oblivion sprints ahead, just as the faster analog records are digitalized, the more valuable they become. It is akin to the phenomenon in which the ‘aura’ of artwork is more frequently discussed in the digital age and is empowered even more accordingly. Even under the current rule of cyberspace, artifacts in a museum still exude unapproachable sanctity because of the inherent desire to see the unreplicated original in person. The museums that Han archived do not interfere with our sense of daily life but rather invite us to visit a time in the distant past or a strange place in a strange land, all while creating settings that feel somehow familiar and comfortable. Even if the museum artifacts are not completely restored, or even if they are replicas, viewers are ready and willing to be surprised. To them, experiencing artifacts is like dreaming of a time they will never have the chance to live through.
Document, Monument, Museum In Han’s photographs, museums have descended into the secular world. They are full of things for families to see and enjoy, comprised of content that parents can easily explain to their children, and the collections are highly satisfactory for visitors. Local galleries (museums) tear down the walls that protect high-end culture and create down-to-earth exhibitions that strive to merge the obscure with popular culture. They openly showcase art products that are replicated and distributed, operating almost as part of the leisure industry. Just as the modern-day art gallery is a shrine that worships the secular god of money, our museums offer information and entertainment to present people with a sense of value and hope. For those who have never visited the Colosseum, they are given the opportunity to snap a selfie they can later show others as proof that they have indeed visited the monument. Even those who have never been to Africa are made to fly over it virtually in no time at all. Or visitors can experience flight as a butterfly or even a conversation with a pig. Walks around a gem-like palace or a garden built from ice add to the options available to visitors. Browse the collection and discover Haewoojae (Mr. Toilet House) by Jae-duck Sim – dubbed ‘Mr. Toilet’ – who torn down a home of 30 years to build a toilet-shaped house to commemorate the foundation of the World Toilet Association; the Motor Museum, the one and only of its kind in Korea, established by Hee-yang Lee, a motor engine collector; the Museum of World Scissors in Jinan; the Kim Museum, a museum supposedly created by a person with the same family name; the Sudoguksan Museum of Housing & Living; and Young Jip Bow and Arrow Museum, founded by Young Jip Young-ki Yoo, a bow-and-arrow craftsman. These small museums found across Korea offer fun and informative facts for visitors – regardless of their age or background – urging them to reminisce on good times or presenting options for varying ranges of exotic, coded tastes. Boasting up to six keywords (the Alps, ice, jewel, palace, theme park, and museum), the Alps Ice Jewel Palace Theme Park Museum is kitsch beyond kitsch that breeds vigorously and incessantly. Derived from a German word that means ‘rubbish’ or ‘tacky,’ kitsch was originally used to refer to cheap, popular pictures geared for people without any aesthetic insight or experience. These works pop up everywhere all too often to the point of being cliché, which is exactly why they seep into the minds of the general public. The wider they spread, the more powerful they become. But kitsch is also a sign that points to abundance. It embraces fantastic romance and pleasure, along with a hint of refinement and universality. It fills free time with fun and excitement, comprising popular hobbies that seek to fill our empty lives with virtual beauty. Kitsch is the entertaining trivia strewn across daily life that satisfies the average sense of sentimentality so often employed by soap operas on TV, in addition to the desires of the sentimental bourgeoisie. It is loose and passive and yet commercial, unconsciously political, and highly infectious, particularly raging in today’s era governed by social media. Such is ‘kitsch-like’ – hackneyed but cheerful, lightly serious yet pleasant, and easy to understand without requiring much effort. The museums captured by Han reveal our raw preferences, leaving us at pleasurable ease. The photographs that demonstrate universal tastes cultured in our time are the documents and monuments etched in time, retrievable whenever we are reminded of the mode that governed a certain period in time.
Time Museum Among Han’s photographs is the image of a most iconic museum – the Time Museum, located in Jeongdongjin. Set up within a steam engine and a 180-meter-long train, the museum is based on the theme of ‘time.’ Braced by powerful symbols that span many levels, the Time Museum shows that museums are a relic or a tomb of time, with human travelers onboard a train of ‘time’ hurtling onward non-stop. Time travels swiftly like an arrow that has left its bow, opening our eyes to the limitations of finite existence. Visitors hop onboard the Time Museum train to summon the dead (relics) and converse with them while imagining the future to come. The phrase “Selected by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism as the institution offering accredited curatorship” on the top right of the photograph is rather adorable. These little museums of ours need professional curators and are desperate for government funding, but the conditions to become an accredited gallery pursuant to the Museum and Art Gallery Support Act seem unachievable for many.
It has been some time since I reviewed photographs offering so much to read. Each one loudly called out to me to spare some attention, and I spent much time listening to each. In Jeong-ae Han’s photographs, the museums are not still; they are rather a dynamis that harbors the potential to produce new interpretations and discourses. Just as museum collections are interpreted in varying ways, the photographs urge us to rediscover the memory of museums in our time and experience them anew
-박물관 박물지 -작가 글
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